Horticulture: An Introduction | Botanical and other various Complete Classification of Horticulture

 

Horticulture: An Introduction

Botanical and other various Important Classification of Horticulture

The term Horticulture is derived from the Latin words: “hortus” meaning garden and  “colere” meaning to  cultivate.  The term horticulture appeared in 17^th century.

Definition- At present the horticulture may be defined as the science and technique of production, processing and merchandizing of fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, plantations, medicinal and aromatic plants

Branches of Horticulture –

•      Pomology: refers to cultivation of fruit crops. This is the Latin  word . Pomum  means type of  fruit &te Greek word  logy means science. Thus, Pomology is the science of fruit production

•      Father of systematic pomology : De Candole

•      Olericulture: refers to cultivation of vegetables. It is originated from Latin word ‘oleris’ means pot herb & english word culture meaning raising plant

•      Father of vegetable science or olericulture - L. H. baily

•      Floriculture: refers to cultivation of flower crops.

•      Plantation crops: refers to cultivation of crops like coconut, arecanut, rubber, coffee, tea etc.

•      Spices crops: refers to cultivation of crops like, cardamom, pepper, nutmeg etc.

•      Medicinal and aromatic crops: deals with cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops.

Post harvest technology: deals with post harvest handling, grading, packaging, storage, processing, value addition, marketing etc. of horticulture crops.

•      Plant propagation: deals with propagation of plants.

Pomology

BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION OF FRUIT CROP

FAMILY	COMMON NAME	SCIENTIFIC NAME	CHROMOSOME NO. 2n	ORIGIN	FRUIT TYPES
1. Monocots
Bromeliaceae	Pineapple	Ananas comosus	50, 75, 100	Brazil	Aggregate berries
Musaceae	Banana Plantain	Musas balbisiana Musa acuminata	22, 33, 44 22,33,44	Indo- Burma	Berry
Arecaeae	Datepalm	Phoenix dactylifera	36	West Asia	Drupe
2. Dicots
Actinidiaceae	Kiwi	Antinidia deliciosa	58	China	Berry
Anacardiaceae	Mango	Mangifera Indica	40	South East Asia	Drupe
Annonaceae	Custard apple	Annona squamosa	14	Bolivia	Aggregate berries
Apocynaceae	Karonda	Carissa carandas	22	-	Berry
Caricaceae	Papaya	Carica papaya	18	Tropical America	Berry
Diileniaceae	Elephant apple	Dillenia indica	-	South East Asia	Fleshy calyx
Euphorbiacee	Aonla	Emblica officinalis	28	South East Asia	Capsule (Drupe)
	Stargooseberry	Phyllanthus acidus		Madagascar	Berry
Clusiaceae	Mango-steen	Garcinia mangostana	28	Malayan Archipelogo	Berry
Lauraceae	Avocado	Persea Americana	24	Central America	Berry
Malpighiacae	Barbados cherry	Malphigia punicifolia	40	Trinidad and Tobago	Drupe
Moraceae	Jack fruit	Artocarpus heterophylla	56	India	Sorosis
	Monkey Jack	Artocarpus   lakoocha	56	Western Ghats	Sorosis

     

Myrtaceae	Guava	Psidium guajava	22	Tropical                America	Berry
	Jamun	Syzygium cuminii	40	India	Drupe
	Pineapple guava	Feijoa   sellowiana	-		Berry
Oleaceae	Olive	Olea euorpaea	46	Mediterranean region	Drupe
Oxalidaceae	Bilimbi	Avrrhoea bilimbi	24	-	Berry
	Carambola	Averrha  carambola	24	Srilanka	Berry
Passifloraceae	Passion fruit	Passiflora edulis	18	Brazil	Berry
Punicaeae	Pomegranate	Punica granatum	18	Iran (Persia)	Balausta
Rhamnaceae	Indian jujube	Ziziphus maurititiana	-	India	Drupe
Rosaceae	Almond	Prunus amygdalus	16	Central Asia	Drupe
	Apple	Malus × domestica	34	South Wetern Asia	Pome
	Apricot	Prunus armeniaca	16	North Eastern China	Drupe
	Loquat	Eriobotrya japonica	34	Central Eastern China	Pome
	Quince	Cydonia oblonga	34	Caucasus region	Pome
	Peach	Prunus persica	16	China	Drupe
	Pear	Pyrus communis	34	Western China	Pome
	Plum	Prunus domestica	32	China	Drupe
	Strawberry	Fragraia annonosa	56 (8X)	France	Etaerio of drupes/ achenes
Rutaceae	Bel	Aegle marmelos	18	India	Amphisarica
	Mandarin	Citrus reticulate	18	South Eastern Asia	Hesperidium
	Sweet orange	Citrus sinensis	18	Indo-China	Hesperidium
Rutaceae	Acid lime	Citrus aurantifolia	18	Iran (Persia)	Hesperidium
	Grape fruit	Citrus paradise	18	West Indies	Hesperidium
	Wood apple	Feronia limonia	18	India	Amphisarica
	Lemon	Citrus limon	18	South East Asia	Hesperidium
Vitaceae	Grapes	Vitis vinifera	38	South East Asia and Central Europe	Berry
Tiliaceae	Phalsa	Grewia subinequalis	36	India	Drupe
Sapindaceae	Litchi	Litchi chinensis	30	South China	-
Sapotaceae	Sapota	Achras zapota	26	South Mexico	Berry
Juglandaceae	Walnut	Juglans regia	32	Central Asia	Nut
	Peacan nut	Caryaillinoensis	32	North America	Nut

 

 

 

CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS

1. BASED ON NATURE OF GROWTH

a) Herbaceous. Banana, Pineapple.

b). Shrubaceous. Karonda, Phalsa, Pomegranate.

c). Woody. Mango, Ber, Sapota, Jamun, Guava, Apple, Peach, Pear and many other fruits.

2. BASED ON CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT

a). Tropical fruits: Mango, banana, citrus, papaya, sapota, guava, grapes, pineapple, jackfruit, Cashew,

Coconut, custard Apple, Carambola, aonla, Carambola, Mangosteen

b) Subtropical fruits: Mango, citrus , Ber, grapes, avocado, litchi, rambutan, loquat, durian, persimmon, Strawberry, fig,Falsa, Aonla and passion fruit.

c) Temperate fruits: Apple, pear, quince, peach, plum, Strawberry, peam, almond, apricot, cherry, Kiwi, walnut and pecanut.

d) Arid and semi-arid fruits: Ber, aonla, annonaceous fruits, pomegranate, date palm, fig, bael, phalsa, jamun.

3. BASED ON CONTINUATION OF GROWTH

a). Evergreen Tree-.tropical-  Mango, Citrus, Sapota, Guava.

                                   Subtropical- Litchi, sweet orange, Mangosteen

b). Deciduous Tree- .Pome-  Apple, Pear, Quince  

                                   Drupe- Peach, Plum, Apricot

      Small tree-  Deciduos- Raspberry, Blackberry

                         Evergreen- West Indian Cherry

 

4. CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS BASED ON FRUIT MORPHOLOGY   TYPE OF FRUIT	EXAMPLES
A. SIMPLE FRUITS
1. BERRY	Arecanut, Avacado, Grape, guava, banana, papaya, sapota.
a. Modified berry
i. Balausta	Pomegaranate
ii. Amphisarca	Wood apple, Bael
b. Pome	Apple, pear, quince, loquat
c. Pepo	Watermelon
2. Drupe (Stone)	Plum, apricot, peaches, almond, ber, mango, coconut, jamun, phalsa, Barbados cherry, olive, date palm, aonla(green aonla) Coffee, Cherry
3. Hesperidium	Oranges, citrus
4. Nut fruit	Litchi, Rambutan, Cashewnut, Walnut, Pecanut
5. Capsule	Aonla(used for seed and other purpose), Carambola, Okra
B. AGGREGATE FRUITS (Develops from numerous ovaries of the same flower)
1. Etaerio of berries	Custard apple,Raspberry
2. Etaerio of drupelets	Blackberry, longan berry
3. Etaerio of achenes	Strawberry
C. MULTIPLE/ COMPOSITE FRUITS
1. Syconus		Fig
2. Sorosis   5. BASED ON PARTS USED Citrus - Juicy placental hairs Banana - Mesocarp and endocarp Coconut - Endosperm Custard apple - Fleshy pericarp of individual berries Fig - Fleshy receptacle Guava - Thalamus and pericarp Mango - Mesocarp Litchi - Aril Pomegranate - Juicy covering of seed Pear - Stalk of fruit and thalamus Almond - Seed Walnut - Seed Fig - Fleshy receptacle and thalamus Pineapple - Fleshy axis, bracts, perianth and seed Bael - Fleshy layer of pericarp Jamun - Pericarp and thalamus		Pineapple, jackfruit, mulberry, breadfruit.

                              

 

8. BASED ON RIPENING BEHAVIOUR

 

❖ CLIMACTERIC :sharp rise in respiration after fruit harvesting

Climacteric fruit produce much larger ethylene then non climacteric fruit. , e.g: Mango, Guava, Papaya, Jackfruit, Fig, Sapota, Passion fruit, Banana, Apple,Tomato,Apricot, KiwiFruit, Blackberry,   Annona, Muskmelon Plum And Pear

 

 

NON-CLIMACTERIC: Fruits experiencing simple gradual decline in rate of respiration at the time of ripening, e.g: Litchi, Lemon, Lime, Oranges, Grape, Pomegranate, Pineapple, Watermelon, citrus, Cashew, Strawberry,   Cherry, Jamun, Ber

10. BASED ON GROWING ENVIRONMENT

❖ Lithophyte : Plant which grows on stone, e.g. sphagnum, fern.

❖ Epiphyte : Plant which grows on another plant, e.g. sandal, orchid.

❖ Terrestrial : Plant which grow on earth.

❖ Psammophyte: Plant growing in soil having sand and gravel.

❖ Petrophyte : Plant able to grow on rocks.

 

 

11. BASED ON WATER REQUIREMENT

❖ Hydrophytes: Those plants which grow partially or fully submerged in water, e.g., Banana.

❖ Mesophytes : Plants which grow in situation where water is neither abundant nor scarce, e.g., Mango, Papaya, Guava, Citrus, Aonla, Custard apple, Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum etc.

❖ Xerophytes : Plants which grow in extremely scarce condition of water, e.g., Ber Kair, etc.

 

 

12. BASED ON LIGHT REQUIREMENT

❖ Heliophytes : Plants which grow in open sunny situation.

❖ Sciophytes : Plants which grow in shade.

❖ Facultative sciophytes : Plant which grow in shade and also grow in sun.

❖ Obligate sciophytes : Plant which always grow in shade.

❖ Faculative heliophytes: Can grow well in full sunlight also grow in shade.

❖ Obligate heliophytes : Plants which always grow in sun.

 

 

13. BASED ON PHOTOPERIODIC REQUIREMENT

❖ SHORT DAY PLANTS : Strawberries, Pineapple, Coffee (Light period of 12 hrs. or less)

❖ LONG DAY PLANTS : Plantain (banana), Apple, PassionFruit (Light period of 12 hrs. or more)

 

Commercial methods of propagation of major fruits in India:

Fruit crop	Commercial method of propagation
Apple	Whip and tounge, grafting, stooling
Peach	T budding
Plum	T budding
Pear, Apricot	Tongue or whip grafting
Acid lime, Coconut, Arecanut, Papaya, Phalsa, Coffee, passionFruit	Seed
Avocado	Layering, T-budding
Aonla	Patch budding
Bael, Pecannut	Patch budding
Ber	Ring and T-budding
Custard apple	T-budding, Inarching, Offshoots
Grape	Hardwood stem cuttings
Grapefruit	T-budding
Guava	Stooling, Inarching, Air layering
Litchi	Air layering
Mandarin	T/shield budding
Mango, Mangosteen	Veneer grafting, Inarching, Softwood grafting
Pomegranate	Hardwood stem cutting, Air layering
Pummelo	Seed, T-budding
Sweet orange	T-budding, Patch budding
Date palm	Offshoots
Tea, Cashewnut	Softwood Cutting
Rubber	Forket Budding
Persimon	Crown grafting
Jackfruit, Loquat,Sapota	Inarching

 

 

CARBOHYDRATES

❖ Carbohydrates is important and chief source of energy in human diet.

Fruit Sources		Vegetable Sources
Raisins	77.3%	Cassava	38.1%
Apricot (dry)	72.8%	Sweet Potato	28.2%
Date	67.37%	Potato	22.6%
Karonda (dry)            67.1%
Banana                       36.4%
Bael                            30.6%

 

 

PROTEINS

❖ Proteins are extremely complex nitrogen containing organic compounds. They constitute major part of protoplasm.

❖ Daily requirement of protein is 60-70 g.

Fruit Sources		Vegetable Sources
Cashew nut	21.20%	Lima Bean	7.9g/100g
Almond	20.88%	Pea	7.2g/100g
Walnut	15.60%	Cow Pea	4.3g/100g

 

 

 

❖FAT

Fat is stored energy source of our body.

❖ 1 g fat liberates 9.0 calories energy

Fruit Sources			Vegetable Sources
Pecan nut		70.0%	Bengal Gram	1.40g/100g
Walnut		64.5%	Potato	1.18g/100g
Almond		58.9%	Small Bitter gourd	1.0g/100g
Cashew nut	46.9%
Avocado	22.8%

 

VITAMINS

 

VITAMIN-A (Retnol, Carotene)

❖ Daily requirement is 1.2 mg/day.

❖ Deficiency symptons: Night blindness (Nyetapolia), Xeropthalmia for children, Keratnisation of epithelia cell of eyes.

❖ Vegetable are rich in ‘Vitamin-A’ than fruit.

❖ Carrot, muskmelon, winter squash and leafy vegetables are good source of Vitamin-A.

❖ Carrot provide maximum Vitamin-A per unit area.

❖ Precursor of Vtamin-A is carotenoids.

Fruit Sources		Vegetable Sources
Mango	4800 IU	Bathua leaves	113000 IU
Papaya	2020 IU	Colocasia leaves	10278 IU
Persimmon	1710 IU	Turnip green	15000 IU
Date palm	600 IU	Beet leaves	9770 IU

 

 

VITAMIN –B1 (Thiamine)

❖ Daily requirement is 1.2 mg/day.

❖ Deficiency symptoms: Beriberi, Muscular weakness, loss of weight, Neuritis, Loss of appetite and dilion of heart.

Fruit Sources		Vegetable Sources
Cashew nut	630 mg/100g	Palak	0.26 mg/100g
Walnut	450 mg/100g	Pea	0.25 mg/100g
Almond                            240 mg/100g

VITAMIN –B2 (Riboflavin)

❖ Daily requirement is 1.7 mg/day.

❖ Deficiency symptoms: Dry scaly skin, crack in corners of mouth, cracking of lips etc.

Fruit Sources		Vegetable Sources
Bael	1191 mg/100g	Palak	0.56 mg/100g
Papaya	250 mg/100g	Chillies	0.39 mg/100g
Cashew nut	190 mg/100g	Fenugreek leaves	0.31/100g
Pineapple                       120 mg/100g

 

VITAMIN –C (Ascorbic acid)

❖ Daily requirement is 70 mg/100g.

❖ Deficiency symptoms: Scurvy

❖ Approximately 90% vitamin-C is obtained from fruit and vegetables.

Fruit Sources		Vegetable Sources
Barbados cherry	1400 mg/100g		Drumstick leaves	250 mg/100g
Aonla	600 mg/100g		Coriander leaves	135 mg/100g
Guava	299 mg/100 g		Chillies	111 mg/100g
Broccoli                         109 mg/100 g

 

 

VITAMIN –B3 (Nicotinic acid)

❖ Daily requirement is 19mg/day.

❖ Deficiency symptoms: Pellagra. Nervous breakdown, stomach and intestinal disorder.

Fruit Sources		Vegetable Sources
Litchi	122.5 mg/100g	Palak	3.3 mg/100g
		Amaranths leaves      1.0 mg/100g

 

VITAMIN –B6 (Pyridoxine)

❖ Daily requirement is 1.3 mg/day.

❖ Deficiency symptoms: Lack of energy, Decrease in Brain function, High levels of Homocysteine.

❖ Excellent sources of vitamin-B6 include summer squash, bell peppers, turnip greens, shiitake mushrooms, and spinach.

 

VITAMIN –B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

❖ Daily requirement is 2.4 μ/day.

❖ Deficiency symptoms: Pernicious anemia (Reduction in RBCs), Autoimmune disorders.

❖ VITAMIN –B12 is providing by animal food. It is not found in vegetables and fruits.

 

VITAMIN –D (Cholecalciferol)

❖ Deficiency symptoms: Rickets, Pigeon chest in children, ostcomalcia (adult).

❖ Vitamin –D is synthesized by the body through sunlight.

 

VITAMIN –E (Tocopherol)

❖ Daily requirement is 5.0 mg/day

❖ Anti-sterility vitamin.

❖ Deficiency symptoms: Degeneration of kidney, Necrosis of liver.

❖ Sweet corn is rich source of vitamin E.

 

VITAMIN –K (Phylloquinone)

❖ Anti-morrhagic vitamin.

❖ Daily requirement is 0.015 mg/day.

❖ Deficiency symptoms: Delayed and faulty coagulation of blood.

 

 

MINERALS

Calcium

❖ Daily requirement is 500-600 mg/day.

Fruit Sources		Vegetable Sources
Litchi	0.21 %	Agathi	1130 mg/100g
Karonda	0.16 %	Cury leaf	813 mg/100g

 

Iron

❖ Daily requirement is 20 mg/day.

Fruit Sources		Vegetable Sources
Dry karonda	39.1 %	Amaranths leaves	22.9%
Date (Pind)                 10.6%

 

 

Phosphorus

❖ Daily requirement is 20 mg/day.

Fruit Sources		Vegetable Sources
Almond	0.49 %	Amaranths leaves	800 mg/100 g
Cashew nut	0.45 %	Garlic	187 mg/ 100 g
Walnut                           0.38%

 

 

Classification based on fruit bearing habit-

A.     Terminal bearing habit

i- Old season growth                  Mango, Banana, Pineapple, Litchi

 ii- Current season Growth        Jackfruit, Loquat, Pecanut    

 

B. axillary bearing habit

i- old season Growth                  Apple, Peach,  Pear, Plum

ii- current season growth           Guava, Papaya, Orange, Passion fruit, Coconut

 

 

Thank You

Vikas Kashyap